Ostatné zdroje infekcí
Ochorenia prenášané vzájomným kontaktom detí
Mrľa detská-hlísta detská (Ascaris lumbricoides)
- Hlístovce (Neamthelmintes)
-ochorenie enterobióza
- 10- 30 cm
- rovné špirálovito zakončené telo
-oddelené pohlavia
-živia sa bunkami čreva a baktériami
Prejavy: Mrľe nie sú prenášané túlavými mačkami, keďže jediným hostiteľom je človek, ale prenáša sa najmä medzi deťmi navzájom vzájomným kontaktom- dieťa sa dotkne dieťaťa alebo miesta, na ktorom sú zanechané vajíčka hlísty, ktoré sa dostali na prsty počas snahy zahnať nepríjemné svrbenie v oblasti análneho otvoru. Nepríjemné svrbenie je najväčším príznakom ochorenia. Je vyvolané kladením vajíčok do riasiniek análneho otvoru, kde v priebehu 6 hodín dozrievajú. Samičky kladú hlavne v noci, keď je dieťa v pokoji. Svrbenie však môže prerásť až do takej miery, že dieťa nedokáže spať,musí sa neustále škrábať a preto môže byť mrzuté a nevyspaté. Vajíčka sa v tedy dostávajú za nechty a po zanedbaní umytia rúk sa znova prehltnú alebo dostanú na nového hostiteľa a tým sa zaistí ich ďalší vývoj. Taktiež bývajú zanechané na posteľnej bielizni. Vajíčka dokážu prežiť vo vlhkom prostredí pri izbovej teplote asi tri dny.
Môžu nastať aj rôzne komlikácie ako zápal slepého čreva, u dievčat je rizikom ak sa mrľe dostanú do pohlavného systému,kde spôsobujú uzlíky v maternici (tzv. oxyurové uzlíky) – s tím potom súvisia zápaly maternice, výtoky, jazvenie vo vnútorných orgánoch a riziko neplodnosti.
Ochorenie sa diagnostikuje špeciálnym výterom pomocou lepiacej pásky.
Liečba: Ak nedôjde ku infekcí, ochorenie sa môže stratiť po polroku až roku. Výnimočne sa podáva pyrvinium,mebendazol alebo albendazol. Doporučuje sa preliečiť celú rodinu/kolektív.
Ochorenia prenášané mechanickým poranením
Na pieskoviskách so zanedbanou údržbou sa často povaľuje sklo, injekčné striekačky so zvyškami krvi, kamene, či iné predmety, ktoré môžu spôsobiť nepríjemné poranenia. Do otvorených rán sa taktiež výnimočne môže dostať infekcia v podobe vírusových hepatitíd-žltačky B a C.
Hepatitída B
Vírus HBV z čeľade Hepadnaviridae
Inkubačná doba: 4 až 26 týždňov; vírus zostáva v krvi počas aktívnej periódy akútnej a chronickej infekcie.
Prenos: všetky telové tekutiny
Prevencia: povinné očkovanie
Liečba: iba podporná: pokoj, dieta, vitamíny na podporu pečene
Prejavy: poškodzovanie pečeňových buniek -zápal až rakovina pečene
Akútna hepatitída B: bez klinických prejavov/ ľahké chrípkové a tráviace problémy (strata chuti do jedla, únava, bolesť svalov a kĺbov, zvýšená teplota a zvracanie).. Ochorenie netrvá dlhšie ako 6 mesiacov a telo sa vylieči samovoľne.
Chronická forma: Pokiaľ infekcia pretrváva viac ako 6 mesiacov (5-10% dospelých, u detí riziko väčšie). Pacient je dlhodobo úplne bez ťažkostí a prvé príznaky sa objavujú až pri zlyhaní pečene.
Fulminantná forma: Veľmi vzácny, extrémne rýchly priebeh ochorenia môže byť priebeh ochorenia
Vírus je prítomný v krvi od druhej polovice inkubačnej doby a u väčšiny chorých vymizne v priebehu akútnej fázy. U určitého počtu pacientov však môže vírus pretrvávať v organizme a vzniká dlhodobé nosičstvo.
Hepatitída C
Vírus HCV z čeľade Hepadnaviridae
Inkubačná doba: 6 - 8 týždňov, vzácnejšie až do 5 mesiacov
Prenos: všetky telové tekutiny
Prevencia: očkovanie nie je k dizpozícií
Liečba: Štandardom je užívanie pegylovaných interferónov a ribavirínu.
Prejavy: Vírus sa extrémne množí v bunkách pečene a v bielych krvinkách (B-lymfocyty) . Veľmi často takto dochádza ku vzniku mutantov, čo sťažuje imunitnému systému schopnosť zneškodniť infekciu.
Akútna forma: často bez špecifických príznakov, len asi v 10% prípadov pozorujeme ťažší priebeh sprevádzaný únavou, nechutenstvom, zvracaním, bolestou kĺbov a svalov a svrbením pokožky, úzkosťou alebo depresia, citlivosťou oblasti pod pravým rebrovým oblúkom a žltačkou.
Chronická forma: prejaví sa u 80% neliečených pacientov a môže prerásť ku zjazveniu a stvrdnutiu pečene s vysokým rizikom vzniku pečeňového zlyhania a rakoviny
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